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Microsoft word 2016 definition free. Word 2016: Getting Started with Word
Upgrade to Microsoft Edge to take advantage of the latest features, security updates, and technical support. Table names must follow the rules for identifiers. Creates the new table as a FileTable. You do not specify columns because a FileTable has a fixed schema. For more information, see FileTables. The column is computed from an microsoft word 2016 definition free that uses other columns in the same table. The expression can be a noncomputed column name, constant, function, variable, and any combination of these connected by one or more operators.
The expression cannot be a subquery or contain alias data types. Each row in a table can have different values for columns that are involved in a computed column; therefore, the computed column microsoft word 2016 definition free not have the same value for microsoft word 2016 definition free row. Based on the expressions that are used, the nullability of computed columns is determined automatically by the Database Engine.
The result of most expressions is considered nullable even if only nonnullable columns are present, because possible underflows or overflows also produce NULL results. For more information, see Indexes on Computed Columns.
If filegroup is specified, the table is stored in the named filegroup. The filegroup must microsoft word 2016 definition free within the database. If "default" is specified, or if ON is not specified at all, the table is stored on the default filegroup. These constraints create indexes. If filegroup is specified, the index is stored in the named filegroup. If "default" is specified, or if ON is not specified at all, the index is stored in the same filegroup as the table.
In this context, default is not a keyword. It microsoft word 2016 definition free an identifier for the default filegroup and must be delimited, as in ON "default" or ON [ default ]. This is the default setting. This can improve concurrency by enabling locks to escalate to partition HoBT level instead of the table. Varchar maxnvarchar maxvarbinary maxxml and large UDT values are stored directly in the data row, up to a limit of 8, bytes and as long as the value can fit the record.
If the value does not fit in the record, a pointer is stored in-row and the rest is stored out of row in the LOB storage space. This partition scheme must use the same partition function and partition columns as the partition scheme for the table; otherwise, an error is raised.
For disk-based tables, the data type can be one of the following:. For more information about valid precision values, see Precision, Scale, and Length. For more information about valid scale acdsee pro 10.4 full free, see Precision, Scale, and Length. Only a constant value, such as a character string; a scalar function either a system, user-defined, or CLR function ; or NULL can be used as a default.
Must be supported in natively compiled stored procedures. When a new row is added to the table, the Database Engine provides a unique, incremental value for the column.
Only one identity column can be microsoft word 2016 definition free per table. Both the seed and increment or neither must be specified. If neither is specified, the default is 1,1. If this clause is specified for a constraint, the constraint is not enforced when replication microsoft word 2016 definition free perform insert, update, or delete operations.
Specifies a column used microsoft word 2016 definition free the system to automatically record information about row versions in the table and its history table if the table microsoft outlook 2016 repair tool free system versioned and has a history microsoft word 2016 definition free.
For more information, see microsoft word 2016 definition free ledger tables and temporal tables. If you attempt to specify a column that does microsoft word 2016 definition free meet the above data type or nullability requirements, the system will throw an error. By default, period columns /71105.txt not hidden. In order to be used, hidden columns must be explicitly included in all queries that directly reference the temporal table.
Specifies to create an index on the table. This can be a clustered index, or a nonclustered index. The index will contain the columns listed, and will sort the data in either ascending or descending order.
Specifies to store the entire table in columnar format with a clustered columnstore index. This microsoft word 2016 definition free includes all columns in the table.
The data is not sorted in alphabetical or numeric order since the rows are organized to gain columnstore compression benefits. Specifies to create a nonclustered columnstore index on the table. The underlying table can be a rowstore heap or clustered index, or it can be a clustered columnstore index. In all cases, creating a nonclustered columnstore index on a table stores a second copy of the data for the columns in the index.
The nonclustered columnstore index is stored and managed as a clustered columnstore index. It is called a nonclustered columnstore index to because the columns can be источник and it exists as a secondary index on a table. This restriction microsoft word 2016 definition free the Database Engine to verify uniqueness of key values within a single partition only. When you partition a non-unique, clustered index, the Database Engine by default adds the partitioning column to the list of clustered index keys, if it is not already specified.
When partitioning a non-unique, nonclustered index, the Database Engine adds the partitioning column as a non-key included column of the index, if it is not already specified. You cannot specify a partitioning scheme on an XML index. If the base table is partitioned, the XML index uses the нажмите чтобы увидеть больше partition scheme as the table. For more information about partitioning indexes, Partitioned Tables and Indexes. If no location is specified and the table or view is not partitioned, the index uses the same filegroup as the underlying table or view.
The filegroup must already exist. ON "default" Creates the specified index on the default filegroup. The term default, in this context, is not a keyword. It is an identifier for the default filegroup and must be delimited, as in ON "default" or ON [default]. /33512.txt, an error is raised. Using deterministic encryption allows searching using equality comparison, grouping, and joining tables using equality joins based on encrypted values, but can also allow unauthorized users to guess information about encrypted values by examining patterns in the encrypted column.
Joining two tables on columns encrypted deterministically is only possible if both columns are encrypted using the same column encryption key. Deterministic encryption must use a column collation with a binary2 sort order for character columns. Randomized encryption uses a method that encrypts data in microsoft word 2016 definition free less predictable manner. Randomized encryption is more secure, but it microsoft word 2016 definition free any computations and indexing microsoft word 2016 definition free encrypted columns, unless your SQL Server instance supports Always Encrypted with secure enclaves.
Please see Always Encrypted with secure enclaves for details. If you are using Always Encrypted without secure enclavesuse deterministic encryption for columns that will be searched with parameters or grouping parameters, for example a government ID number.
Use randomized encryption, for data such as a credit card number, which is not grouped with other records or used to join tables, and which is not searched for because you use other columns such as a transaction number to find the row which contains the encrypted column of interest.
If you are using Always Encrypted with secure enclaves, randomized encryption is a recommended encryption type. For more information including feature constraints, see Always Encrypted. The storage of sparse columns is optimized for null values. For additional restrictions and more information about sparse columns, see Use Sparse Columns. Specifies a dynamic data mask. Four functions are available:.
For function parameters, see Dynamic Data Masking. Valid only for varbinary max columns. Collation name can be either a Windows collation name or an SQL collation name.
If not specified, the column is assigned either the collation of the user-defined data type, if the column is of a user-defined data type, or the default collation of the database. Constraint names must be unique within the schema to which the table belongs. For this constraint to execute, the foreign key columns must be nullable. For this constraint to execute, all foreign key columns must have default definitions. If a column is nullable, and there is no explicit default value set, NULL becomes the implicit default value microsoft word 2016 definition free the column.
For example, in the AdventureWorks database, the ProductVendor table has a referential relationship with the Vendor table. The ProductVendor. Читать foreign key references the Vendor. BusinessEntityID primary key. If any exist, the dependent rows in the ProductVendor table are deleted, and also the row referenced in the Vendor table.
For example, microsoft word 2016 definition free the AdventureWorks database, the ProductVendor table has a referential relationship with the Vendor table: ProductVendor. BusinessEntity foreign key references the Vendor. If any exist, the dependent rows in the ProductVendor table are updated, and also the row referenced in the Vendor table.
CHECK Is a constraint that enforces domain integrity by limiting the possible values that can be entered into a column or columns. Alias data types cannot be part of the expression.
The default is ASC. The partition scheme must exist within the database. Doing this makes sure microsoft word 2016 definition free any CHECK constraints on partitioning columns do not have нажмите для продолжения check for null values.
User-specified fillfactor values can be from 1 through
Microsoft word 2016 definition free
A computer is a digital electronic machine that can be programmed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations computation automatically. Modern computers can perform generic sets of operations known as programs. These programs enable computers to perform a wide range of tasks. A computer system is a "complete" computer that includes the hardware , operating system main software , and peripheral equipment needed and used for "full" operation.
This term may also refer to a group of computers that are linked and function together, such as a computer network or computer cluster. A broad range of industrial and consumer products use computers as control systems. Simple special-purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote controls are included, as are factory devices like industrial robots and computer-aided design , as well as general-purpose devices like personal computers and mobile devices like smartphones.
Computers power the Internet , which links billions of other computers and users. Early computers were meant to be used only for calculations. Simple manual instruments like the abacus have aided people in doing calculations since ancient times. Early in the Industrial Revolution , some mechanical devices were built to automate long tedious tasks, such as guiding patterns for looms.
More sophisticated electrical machines did specialized analog calculations in the early 20th century. The first digital electronic calculating machines were developed during World War II.
The first semiconductor transistors in the late s were followed by the silicon -based MOSFET MOS transistor and monolithic integrated circuit IC chip technologies in the late s, leading to the microprocessor and the microcomputer revolution in the s.
The speed, power and versatility of computers have been increasing dramatically ever since then, with transistor counts increasing at a rapid pace as predicted by Moore's law , leading to the Digital Revolution during the late 20th to early 21st centuries. Conventionally, a modern computer consists of at least one processing element , typically a central processing unit CPU in the form of a microprocessor , along with some type of computer memory , typically semiconductor memory chips.
The processing element carries out arithmetic and logical operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripheral devices include input devices keyboards, mice, joystick , etc. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source and they enable the result of operations to be saved and retrieved.
According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the first known use of computer was in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by the English writer Richard Brathwait : "I haue [ sic ] read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer [sic] breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number. The word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century.
During the latter part of this period women were often hired as computers because they could be paid less than their male counterparts. The Online Etymology Dictionary gives the first attested use of computer in the s, meaning 'one who calculates'; this is an "agent noun from compute v.
The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the use of the term to mean " 'calculating machine' of any type is from Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers. The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick. Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi clay spheres, cones, etc.
The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was developed from devices used in Babylonia as early as BC.
Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house , a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to certain rules, as an aid to calculating sums of money.
The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest known mechanical analog computer , according to Derek J. It was discovered in in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera , between Kythera and Crete , and has been dated to approximately c. Devices of comparable complexity to the Antikythera mechanism would not reappear until the fourteenth century.
Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. A combination of the planisphere and dioptra , the astrolabe was effectively an analog computer capable of working out several different kinds of problems in spherical astronomy. An astrolabe incorporating a mechanical calendar computer [9] [10] and gear -wheels was invented by Abi Bakr of Isfahan , Persia in The sector , a calculating instrument used for solving problems in proportion, trigonometry, multiplication and division, and for various functions, such as squares and cube roots, was developed in the late 16th century and found application in gunnery, surveying and navigation.
The planimeter was a manual instrument to calculate the area of a closed figure by tracing over it with a mechanical linkage. The slide rule was invented around — by the English clergyman William Oughtred , shortly after the publication of the concept of the logarithm. It is a hand-operated analog computer for doing multiplication and division. As slide rule development progressed, added scales provided reciprocals, squares and square roots, cubes and cube roots, as well as transcendental functions such as logarithms and exponentials, circular and hyperbolic trigonometry and other functions.
Slide rules with special scales are still used for quick performance of routine calculations, such as the E6B circular slide rule used for time and distance calculations on light aircraft.
In the s, Pierre Jaquet-Droz , a Swiss watchmaker , built a mechanical doll automaton that could write holding a quill pen. By switching the number and order of its internal wheels different letters, and hence different messages, could be produced. In effect, it could be mechanically "programmed" to read instructions.
In —, mathematician and engineer Giovanni Plana devised a Perpetual Calendar machine , which, through a system of pulleys and cylinders and over, could predict the perpetual calendar for every year from AD 0 that is, 1 BC to AD , keeping track of leap years and varying day length. The tide-predicting machine invented by the Scottish scientist Sir William Thomson in was of great utility to navigation in shallow waters.
It used a system of pulleys and wires to automatically calculate predicted tide levels for a set period at a particular location. The differential analyser , a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration , used wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration.
In , Sir William Thomson had already discussed the possible construction of such calculators, but he had been stymied by the limited output torque of the ball-and-disk integrators. The torque amplifier was the advance that allowed these machines to work. Starting in the s, Vannevar Bush and others developed mechanical differential analyzers. Charles Babbage , an English mechanical engineer and polymath , originated the concept of a programmable computer.
Considered the " father of the computer ", [17] he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine , designed to aid in navigational calculations, in he realized that a much more general design, an Analytical Engine , was possible. The input of programs and data was to be provided to the machine via punched cards , a method being used at the time to direct mechanical looms such as the Jacquard loom.
For output, the machine would have a printer, a curve plotter and a bell. The machine would also be able to punch numbers onto cards to be read in later. The Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit , control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops , and integrated memory , making it the first design for a general-purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing-complete.
The machine was about a century ahead of its time. All the parts for his machine had to be made by hand — this was a major problem for a device with thousands of parts. Eventually, the project was dissolved with the decision of the British Government to cease funding. Babbage's failure to complete the analytical engine can be chiefly attributed to political and financial difficulties as well as his desire to develop an increasingly sophisticated computer and to move ahead faster than anyone else could follow.
Nevertheless, his son, Henry Babbage , completed a simplified version of the analytical engine's computing unit the mill in He gave a successful demonstration of its use in computing tables in During the first half of the 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated analog computers , which used a direct mechanical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation.
However, these were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility and accuracy of modern digital computers. The differential analyser , a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms, was conceptualized in by James Thomson , the elder brother of the more famous Sir William Thomson.
The art of mechanical analog computing reached its zenith with the differential analyzer , built by H. This built on the mechanical integrators of James Thomson and the torque amplifiers invented by H.
A dozen of these devices were built before their obsolescence became obvious. By the s, the success of digital electronic computers had spelled the end for most analog computing machines, but analog computers remained in use during the s in some specialized applications such as education slide rule and aircraft control systems. By , the United States Navy had developed an electromechanical analog computer small enough to use aboard a submarine.
This was the Torpedo Data Computer , which used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at a moving target. During World War II similar devices were developed in other countries as well. Early digital computers were electromechanical ; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes.
The Z2 , created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in , was one of the earliest examples of an electromechanical relay computer. In , Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3 , the world's first working electromechanical programmable , fully automatic digital computer. It was quite similar to modern machines in some respects, pioneering numerous advances such as floating-point numbers. Rather than the harder-to-implement decimal system used in Charles Babbage 's earlier design , using a binary system meant that Zuse's machines were easier to build and potentially more reliable, given the technologies available at that time.
Zuse's next computer, the Z4 , became the world's first commercial computer; after initial delay due to the Second World War, it was completed in and delivered to the ETH Zurich. Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog. The engineer Tommy Flowers , working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the s, began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telephone exchange.
Experimental equipment that he built in went into operation five years later, converting a portion of the telephone exchange network into an electronic data processing system, using thousands of vacuum tubes. The German encryption machine, Enigma , was first attacked with the help of the electro-mechanical bombes which were often run by women.
Colossus was the world's first electronic digital programmable computer. It had paper-tape input and was capable of being configured to perform a variety of boolean logical operations on its data, but it was not Turing-complete. Colossus Mark I contained 1, thermionic valves tubes , but Mark II with 2, valves, was both five times faster and simpler to operate than Mark I, greatly speeding the decoding process. Like the Colossus, a "program" on the ENIAC was defined by the states of its patch cables and switches, a far cry from the stored program electronic machines that came later.
Once a program was written, it had to be mechanically set into the machine with manual resetting of plugs and switches.
It combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine. It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words about 80 bytes. Built under the direction of John Mauchly and J. The machine was huge, weighing 30 tons, using kilowatts of electric power and contained over 18, vacuum tubes, 1, relays, and hundreds of thousands of resistors, capacitors, and inductors.
The principle of the modern computer was proposed by Alan Turing in his seminal paper, [42] On Computable Numbers.
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